Figure 6: Comparison of migrated HUVECs among different groups. (a and c) The HUVECs were incubated with HSA, AGEs, and AGEs + anti-RAGE, respectively. (b and d) HUVECs were incubated with AGEs, AGEs + helenalin, AGEs + SB202190, and AGEs + PD98059, respectively. AGEs suppressed the migration of HUVECs through RAGE, and the effect was inhibited by blocking ERK (PD98059) or p38 MAPK pathway (SB202190), but not inhibited by blocking NF-κB pathway (helenalin). AGEs: Advanced glycation end-products, RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end-products, HUVECs: Human umbilical venous endothelial cells, NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B, MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction